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Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC) poses a serious threat to greenhouse cucumber production. This study applied a Biochar-loaded Bacillus inoculant to suppress soilborne disease. High-temperature fir wood biochar (HPB, 800°C) achieved a loading efficiency of 98.86% for Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA), attributed to its well-developed pore structure and its ability to shift extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composition from protein-dominated to polysaccharide-dominated, thereby enhancing bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. In pot experiments, the 3% HPB–BA inoculant (C3BA) significantly reduced disease incidence by 62.3% and increased plant biomass compared to the control. This disease suppression was closely correlated with shifts in the rhizosphere bacterial community, C3BA restructured the bacterial community toward a healthier state, significantly enriching beneficial genera including Bacillus (13.18%), Pseudomonas (3.41%), while improving soil available nitrogen and organic carbon content. Collectively, this work demonstrates that amending soils with a biochar-loaded Bacillus inoculant effectively suppresses Fusarium wilt and improves soil health, thus emphasizing its potential for sustainable disease management in intensive agricultural systems.
Keywords: Biochar; Bacillus; Fusarium wilt; soil health
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